Distance-based clustering methods categorize samples by optimizing a global criterion, finding ellipsoid clusters with roughly equal sizes. In contrast, density-based clustering techniques form clusters with arbitrary shapes and sizes by optimizing a local criterion. Most of these methods have several hyper-parameters, and their performance is highly dependent on the hyper-parameter setup. Recently, a Gaussian Density Distance (GDD) approach was proposed to optimize local criteria in terms of distance and density properties of samples. GDD can find clusters with different shapes and sizes without any free parameters. However, it may fail to discover the appropriate clusters due to the interfering of clustered samples in estimating the density and distance properties of remaining unclustered samples. Here, we introduce ADAPTIVE GDD (AGDD), which eliminates the inappropriate effect of clustered samples by ADAPTIVEly updating the parameters during clustering. It is stable and can identify clusters with various shapes, sizes, and densities without adding extra parameters. The distance metrics calculating the dissimilarity between samples can affect the clustering performance. The effect of different distance measurements is also analyzed on the method. The experimental results conducted on several well-known datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed AGDD method compared to the other well-known clustering methods.

Acquiring information about EXPECTATIONs is difficult as individuals' beliefs are unobservable. Thus, how EXPECTATION forms and how to model EXPECTATION is an open question in economic modelling that has been addressed recently by experimental economics. In this article, in order to identify EXPECTATIONs, we examine the behaviour of subjects when encountering new exchange rates in an experiment.  Furthermore, in this experiment, differences of EXPECTATION formation among participants and their relation to cognitive abilities are analysed. To motivate people, incentive payments are used. In our setting, while the rational EXPECTATION hypothesis is not supported, the ADAPTIVE EXPECTATION is not rejected. Agents form their EXPECTATIONs in the same way regardless of their cognitive ability. In this context, individuals overreact to the new quantity of exchange rate which is assumed as a noisy perception.  This finding is considered as evidence of emotional behaviours in the exchange market.

One of the issues of reliable performance in the power grid is the existence of electromechanical oscillations between interconnected generators. The number of generators participating in each electromechanical oscillation mode and the frequency oscillation depends on the structure and function of the power grid. In this paper, to improve the transient nature of the network and damping electromechanical fluctuations, a decentralized robust ADAPTIVE control method based on dynamic programming has been used to design a stabilizing power system and a complementary static var compensator (SVC) controller. By applying a single line to ground fault in the network, the robustness of the designed control systems is demonstrated. Also, the simulation results of the method used in this paper are compared with controllers whose parameters are adjusted using the PSO algorithm. The simulation results show the superiority of the decentralized robust ADAPTIVE control method based on dynamic programming for the stabilizing design of the power system and the complementary SVC controller. The performance of the control method is tested using the IEEE 16-machine, 68-bus, 5-area is verified with time domain simulation.

Identification of relationship between unemployment and inflation in economic is important for economic policies. This paper identifies exact relationship between unemployment and inflation and investigates monetary policies effects in Iran economic with respect to Phillips curve (New classic, New Keynesian) and natural rate of unemployment and NAIRU in long run and short run for period 1338- I384. Therefore time series baste VAR method and structure baste OLS method have been used. In this paper filter Hadrik-Preskat method has been used for identification invisible quantities of expected inflation rate, natural rate of unemployment and potential product. Research result confirms new classic and New Keynesian theories in Iran's economic regarding ADAPTIVE and rational EXPECTATIONs, i.e. Phillips curve in Iran's economy has negative slop with those ADAPTIVE and rational EXPECTATIONs assumption in long run and short run.

The theory of legitimate EXPECTATION has been raised as one of the means of judicial review over exercising discretionary power in some European countries, including UK. This theory was initially considered by Schmidt's case, but this theory has been seriously criticized and many English lawyers and judges made serious doubts about it. In this paper, while outlining different perspectives, answers the question "What is the nature of the legitimate EXPECTATION and the challenges posed on this theory in the England Administrative Law System? Although the foundations of legitimate EXPECTATION have been based on "fairness", there is no single view on the nature and function of "legitimate EXPECTATIONs". Doubtful about accepting a substantive legitimate EXPECTATION in England and not accepting it in New Zealand and Australia, The concept of "prohibition of abuse of power" in the issuance of certain judicial opinions, the violation of the principle of separation of powers and rival concepts, such as the principle of proportionality, has posed legitimate EXPECTATIONs with serious challenges. These challenges have caused this concept to not have the characteristics of a legal principle.

We prove that the limit of a sequence of Pettis integrable bounded scalarly measurable weak random elements, of finite weak norm, with values in the dual of a non-separable Banach space is Pettis integrable. Then we provide basic properties for the Pettis conditional EXPECTATION, and prove that it is continuous. Calculus of Pettis conditional EXPECTATIONs in general is very different from the calculus of Bochner conditional EXPECTATIONs due to the lack of strong measurability and separability. In two examples, we derive the Pettis conditional EXPECTATIONs.

Since the housing sector has an intricate relationship with other sectors of the economy, fluctuations in the price can be costly. Also, rising prices are either rooted in the underlying conditions of the economy or simply caused by the bubble, leading to different policies. Therefore, house price bubble can be considered as an early warning system to prevent adverse economic consequences. The present paper applies the theory of rational EXPECTATION bubble in the Iranian housing market during the years 2006-2020 using the Blanchard and Watson model. The theory implies that negative returns on house prices are less likely to occur if the bubbles exist. The risk assessment is, however, estimated by linear logistic function. The existence of bubble in housing market is confirmed based on 30 provinces.

Data mining and knowledge discovery are important technologies for business and research. Despite their benefits in various areas such as marketing, business and medical analysis, the use of data mining techniques can also result in new threats to privacy and information security. Therefore, a new class of data mining methods called privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) has been developed. The aim of researches in this field is to develop techniques those could be applied to databases without violating the privacy of individuals. In this work we introduce a new approach to preserve sensitive information in databases with both numerical and categorical attributes using fuzzy logic. We map a database into a new one that conceals private information while preserving mining benefits. In our proposed method, we use fuzzy membership functions (MFs) such as Gaussian, P-shaped, Sigmoid, S-shaped and Z-shaped for private data. Then we cluster modified datasets by EXPECTATION Maximization (EM) algorithm. Our experimental results show that using fuzzy logic for preserving data privacy guarantees valid data clustering results while protecting sensitive information. The accuracy of the clustering algorithm using fuzzy data is approximately equivalent to original data and is better than the state of the art methods in this field.

The main purpose of this study is to estimate the model of wheat supply reaction with rational and ADAPTIVE price EXPECTATION during 1983- 2005 periods, and to investigate the role of EXPECTATION in farmers' behavior. The results showed that model of supply reaction based on rational and ADAPTIVE price EXPECTATION was more suitable for estimating the supply model. Land area, EXPECTATION prices and bred seeds had significant effect on wheat supply. Also, some factors such as rainfall had important role to increase production.